Introduction
An Access Point (AP) is a networking device that lets laptops, phones, and various other devices connect to a wired network by using Wi-Fi. It can be used to offer wireless connectivity in areas where cables are not feasible, extend the coverage to new areas, and allow more users to connect easily in offices, homes, and public spaces. An AP works by using Wi-Fi radios (2.4 GHz/5 5GHz) to communicate with wireless devices, and the Ethernet port to link back to the main network, following IEEE 802.11 rules.
In this blog, we explain what an access point is, why it matters, how it works, and the main types you will see in real networks.
What is an Access Point in Networking?
An Access point (AP) is a network device whose main role involves connecting wireless device (Wi-Fi or IEEE 802.11) to a wired network. It takes data from wired networks and transmits it out as radio signal to wireless devices, and it also receives radio signals from wireless devices and then forwards that traffic into a wired network.
For home networks, most users refer to the main Wi-Fi device as a “router,” but that device is usually an all-in-one unit, which combines several functions (commonly the term “router” is used to mean firewall plus Ethernet plus switch, and access point). In enterprise or business networks, the AP is specifically designed for wireless connectivity, while routing and security are usually managed by a separate router/firewall.
Most APs include:
One or more radios (for 2.4 GHz and/or 5 GHz)
A built‑in computer (CPU) to manage wireless communication
At least one Ethernet (wired) port
One or more antennas (internal or external)
APs commonly operate in bands like 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz, which define the radio range used for Wi‑Fi communication.
Purpose of Access Point
The primary purpose of an access point is to offer internet connectivity to devices that either lack a built-in adapter or cannot directly connect to the wired network. For instance, an AP allows a laptop in order to connect to the internet wirelessly without needing a cable or enables a smartphone to access the internet without using cellular data.
Apart from that, it can enhance the performance and reliability of a network by reducing interference, congestion, and latency. One way it achieves this is through multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology, which boosts both data rate and signal strength for wireless connections.
Now that we have a basic understanding of AP and their purpose in networking. Let’s discuss the different types of access points available.
Types of Access Points
Depending on needs and requirements, there are different types of access points that can be configured for different networks. Below, we have discussed each type in detail.
Root access point
One common type is known as the root access point, which directly connects to a wired LAN and serves as a connection point for users that are connected wirelessly. If there is more than one AP that is connected to the local area network (LAN), users have the ability to move within a facility without experiencing any disruption with respect to their network connection.
Repeater access point
This is an access point that is configured as a standalone repeater to extend the range of a wireless network or overcome an obstacle that blocks radio communication. The repeater forwards traffic between wireless users and the wired network by sending data to either another repeater or a root AP that is connected to the wired network.
Bridge
This is an access point that is configured as a root or non-root bridge to join multiple networks. An AP in this role will establish a wireless link with another bridge. Traffic is then passed over the wireless link to the other network.
Workgroup bridge
This is an access point that is configured as a workgroup bridge to provide network connections for devices connected to Ethernet ports. For example, if a business needs wireless connectivity for a group of network printers, it can connect the printers to a hub or a switch, connect the hub or switch to the access point Ethernet port, and configure the AP as a workgroup bridge. The workgroup bridge will then associate to an AP on the network.
Central unit in an all-wireless network
This is an access point that acts as a standalone root unit in an all-wireless network. It is not attached to a wired LAN. Instead, it functions as a hub that links all wireless devices together.
As we discussed the different types of access points, now let’s move on to the functioning of APs.
How Does an Access Point Work?
An AP is a device that has one or more radios, a built-in computer, and at least one port for a wired network. The AP uses the radios to send and receive radio signals based on one or more public standards. This enables the AP to talk to any other devices that use the same standards and frequencies. The AP then connects the wireless network that uses radio signals with one or more wired networks that use cables.
- Many APs for consumers are meant to be the main physical part of a home network.
- These are mainly provided by Internet Service Providers to their customers or clients and are designed to be cost-effective.
- Consumer APs have many features, but they cannot handle a lot of network traffic or many devices at the same time.
Commercial and industrial APs have different designs, usually focusing on scale and network security. Focusing on scale means having more antennas in an AP so that it can support more wireless devices or the same number of devices with faster speeds. Having more antennas requires either a more complicated radio, multiple radios, or both. Usually, the CPU of an AP that is made for scale will also be much stronger than what is used in a normal consumer AP.
- An access point functions on one or more channels within a band like 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz.
- These channels can use different channel widths (bandwidths), such as 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, or 160 MHz.
- The bandwidth determines the amount of data that can be transmitted per second.
- To enhance the data rate, an access point can combine channels into a wider channel through a technique called channel bonding.x
In order to communicate with devices on the network, it adheres to a set of rules and standards. These rules and standards are defined by the IEEE 802.11 family of protocols, which outline how devices should access the medium, authenticate and associate with each other, encrypt and decrypt data, handle errors and collisions efficiently, and so on.
Applications of Access Point
Some of the applications of Access Point are –
- In large enterprises, access points can be used to create a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN).
- It allows more users to easily connect to the network by easily expanding the coverage area of the network.
- It combines an Ethernet cable, switch, Wi-Fi, and wired router to designate a specific area.
- It allows users to connect to the network and roam anywhere in the home or office, providing connectivity to large offices, enterprises, and homes. Moreover, it also provides connectivity to restaurants, coffee shops, airports, and more public places.
- The user can print anywhere by connecting the wireless printer to the network within range of the AP.
- It allows synchronization and data backup across multiple devices by connecting the devices to cloud services.
How to Select the best Access Point for your use?
Whenever selecting an Access Point, you should consider these factors to meet your networking needs:
Bands
You should consider the access points that support both 2.4GHz and 5GHz bands. It allows better performance and more flexibility. Dual-band APs can provide faster speeds with less interference.
Wi-Fi Standards
Make sure that the AP you are choosing have the latest Wi-Fi standards to provide better speeds and performance.
Power over Ethernet
PoE enables AP to be powered by the same cable cord as Ethernet. It will reduce the need of a separate cable and power source for AP. It is a good option for office environments.
MU-MIMO
APs with Multi-user, Multiple Input, Multiple Output technology can communicate with multiple devices at the same time. It will increase network efficiency and performance when many devices are connected.
Security
One of the most important features to look for in an AP is modern security. Always consider an AP that supports modern security standards such as WAP3 to ensure you are protected from unauthorized access.
Advantages of Access Points
Here are the advantages of Access Points (APs):
- It enables seamless mobility for users in workplaces, public areas and homes.
- Facilitate wireless connections for laptops, smartphones, and IoT devices by eliminating physical cables.
- Wireless networks require less infrastructure, low cost, ideal where cable installation is impractical.
- Guest SSIDs on the access point protect sensitive core network resources.
- Seamlessly extend wireless coverage with additional APs, avoiding extensive cabling.
- APs are adapted to different requirements such as indoor/outdoor, Wi-Fi standards, traffic separation.
Disadvantages of Access Points
Here are the disadvantages of Access Points (APs):
- Wireless networks are less secure in comparison to wired networks, so stronger AP security measures are required.
- The coverage of AP is limited and affected by physical constraints, which demands strategic placement.
- Other devices on the same frequency may disrupt the reliability and performance of the wireless network.
- In large deployments, managing access points and wireless networks can become complex.
- Increasing device connections can overload APs, resulting in degraded performance for all users.
Frequently Asked Questions
Q1. What is an access point?
The access point acts as a bridge that is connected to a wired router, switch, or hub with the help of an ethernet cable and afterward projects the WIFI signal, which assists data transmission.
Q2. What is difference between router and access point?
A router connects devices to the internet and assigns IP addresses. An access point extends the wireless network of a router and allows more devices to connect.
Q3. What is an example of an access point?
An example of an AP is a router with Wi-Fi capabilities.
Q4. What is access point and repeater?
An access point is a device that creates a wireless network from a wired one. A repeater is a device that extends the range of a wireless network by amplifying the signal.
Conclusion
Access points in networking play a role in facilitating connectivity in various environments and situations. There are types that cater to diverse needs and preferences. They operate by bridging the gap between wired networks and wireless devices using radio signals and established protocols. We hope this blog was helpful, it is an important topic for all network engineers and is covered under the CCNA Course. In this blog, we have explained AP in detail, its types, how they function, and their purpose.
